Research

Digital narrative
in the process of becoming

XDN brings an experimental approach to humanities research, analysing forms of digital narrative that are contemporary and not yet fully settled — not part of the cultural archive of the past, but in the process of becoming.

Working with an interdisciplinary team drawing on international experts in digital narrative, authors, developers and early career researchers, the project advances the state of the art in electronic literature through the analysis of three forms.

The project documents, maps, analyses and develops these forms and places them in cultural and technological context — considering how they produce affect and identification, how they entail new forms of “cyborg authorship,” and their potential cultural impacts. The aim is foundational research on the relationship between narrative, immersion, aurality and machine learning, useful to researchers and to the cultural sector.

Scholarly output is listed below. Creative work made inside the project is under Works.

Immersive

Virtual and augmented reality narratives — including constructed and modelled narrative environments, and 360 cinema — that situate the viewer within an immersive visual field.

Conversational

A long history of textual works built on conversational models of interactivity, from interactive fiction onward. Language artists now extend that lineage into aurality, through smart speakers.

Generative

Machine-generated and AI-driven narratives produced algorithmically, blending human authorship and computational text generation to varying degrees.

Research methods

01  Contextual analysis

Historical and contextual analysis of each genre.

02  Close reading

Focused readings and case studies of individual works.

03  Documentation

Database documentation, field analysis and network visualization.

04  Experiment

Applied experimental research — building works to test what the platforms afford.

05  Audience

Evaluations of audience response to these emerging forms.

Publications, exhibitions, papers & talks
Jun 2026 Publication (A)I Cannot See Them: A Situated Reflection on the Simulation of Historical Figures Lina Ruth Harder — Open Library of Humanities Jun 2026 Conference paper Narrative and AI Intimacy Zahra Rizvi, Anne Sigrid Refsum, Lina Ruth Harder, Elise Marie Strand Hagen, Jill Walker Rettberg, Marianne Gunderson — Narrative Conference May 2026 Conference paper When Anger Becomes Design: Queer Testimony, Harm, and the Making of Digital Worlds Sérgio Galvão Roxo — Northern Star Symposium 2026: Anger Jan 2026 Publication Extending Digital Narrative with AI, Games, Chatbots, and XR: How Experimental Creative Practice Yields Research Insights Harder, Johnston, Rettberg, Roxo, Tang — Humanities 15(1):17 Jan 2026 Publication (A)I CAN’T SEE HER Lina Ruth Harder — Selected Papers of Internet Research, SPIR Jan 2026 Conference paper Remixing the Past. Encounters with AI-Generated Historical Portraits Lina Ruth Harder — The 41st Narrative Conferenceof the International Society for the Study of Narrative Jan 2026 Conference paper Research as a creative practice Jason Nelson, Alinta Krauth, Lina Ruth Harder — CDN Equinox Jan 2026 Lecture Unreal Ancestors – Reimagining History Through AI Lina Ruth Harder — DH Lecture Series Dec 2025 Conference paper (A)I Cannot See Them Lina Ruth Harder — GenAI & Creative Practices. Past, Present and Future Oct 2025 Conference paper (A)I Can't See Her Lina Ruth Harder — AoIR2025 Oct 2025 Exhibition An Eye for AI Cinema USF Verftet, Bergen · with Bergen International Film Festival Oct 2025 Conference paper Persona Non Data: Histobots and the Ethics of AI Simulation Lina Ruth Harder — UiB Research Ethics Day "Research Ethics After AI” Sep 2025 Conference paper Wrestling the Machine: Human Authorship with Generative AI Scott Rettberg — Conference on Generative AI in Art and Literature Aug 2025 Lecture Generative AI Storytelling Scott Rettberg — Arendalsuke NORA - Norwegian AI Research Consortium Jul 2025 Conference paper It's Been a Long Time Since We Rock and Rolled: A Rock History of the Early ELO Scott Rettberg — 2025 Annual Conference for the Electronic Literature Organization: ELO @ 25 Jun 2025 Lecture Biorealism: AI in the Artist's Studio Eamon O'Kane — Center for Digital Narrative Research Presentations May 2025 Panel Artificial Consciousness: Regenerating AI Ethics and Aesthetics David (Jhave) Johnston — Media Art History 2025, Manizales, Colombia Apr 2025 Lecture "Writing with the Machine: AI and Poetic Creation" a commissioned video-lecture for Versopolis David (Jhave) Johnston — Versopolis Traineeship Apr 2025 Exhibition ReRites in The World Through AI Jeu de Paume, Paris · David (Jhave) Johnston Jan 2025 Radio Why electronic literature has ushered in a new paradigm of knowledge Mike Green, Scott Rettberg, Robert Arellano — Jan 2025 Exhibition Identity Upgrade (Episode 2) in FOR YOU: The Comfortable Alienation of AI Samek Art Museum, Bucknell · David (Jhave) Johnston Jan 2025 Conference paper AI and Digital Narrative Scott Rettberg — Digital Humanities in the Anthropocene Jan 2025 Presentation AI Meets History Lina Ruth Harder — Art meets Tech: Web3Expressão Jan 2025 Lecture Haunted Algorithms: Techno-Necromancy and Ghosts in the Machine Lina Ruth Harder — Weird Stories & Wicked Communities Jan 2025 Lecture Histobots in Conversation: Ontologies and Typologies Lina Ruth Harder — Center for Digital Narrative Research Presentations Jan 2025 Conference paper Histobots: Rewriting History, One Chat at a Time Lina Ruth Harder — University:Future Festival /imagine Dec 2024 Publication Shed Not a Tear for Literature in the Age of AI Scott Rettberg — CounterText 10(3): 221–229 Sep 2024 Exhibition More Than Meets AI Kunstgarasjen & USF Verftet, Bergen Jun 2024 Conference paper Identity Upgrade (Artist Presentation) David (Jhave) Johnston — Screen Studies in the Age of Extended Reality and Synthetic Media Jan 2024 Publication Algorithmic narrativity: Literary experiments that drive technology Scott Rettberg, Jill Walker Rettberg — Dialogues on Digital Society 1(1): 37–40 Jan 2024 Publication Difference Indifference David (Jhave) Johnston — CounterText 10(3): 230–231 Jan 2024 Popular science Fin du Monde: AI Text-To-Image Writing and the Digital Unconscious Scott Rettberg — the digital review issue 04 Jan 2024 Conference paper AI-Artist David (Jhave) Johnston — UiB AI #11: AI, Ethics, Aesthetics Jan 2024 Interview AI, Computational Creativity, and Media Production with Drew Keller Scott Rettberg, Drew Keller — Jan 2024 Conference paper AI Text-to-Image Writing and the Digital Unconscious Scott Rettberg — The Digital Unconscious Conference (2024) Jan 2024 Conference paper AIwriting: Creative Practice as a Critical Method for Investigating Large Language Models Scott Rettberg — Humanties Meets AI Jan 2024 Conference paper AoIR 2024 Doctoral Colloquium Haoyuan Tang — AoIR 2024 Jan 2024 Lecture Building the Nethersphere: Artificial Intelligence and the Reanimation of Historical Minds. Presentation of PhD Project for CDN Seminar: Futures of Digital Narrative Research Lina Ruth Harder — Futures of Digital Narrative Jan 2024 Lecture Building the Nethersphere: Artificial Intelligence and the Reanimation of Historical Minds. Presentation of PhD Project for CDN Seminar: AI and Digital Media Aesthetics Lina Ruth Harder — AI and Digital Media Aesthetics Jan 2024 Interview Computational Narrative Systems and Platform Studies with Nick Montfort Scott Rettberg, Nick Montfort — Jan 2024 Conference paper Cyborg Authorship: Writing with AI Scott Rettberg — Seminars in the Digital and Public Humanities Jan 2024 Conference paper Echoes of History? The Impact of AI-Generated Historical Figures on Informal Education Lina Ruth Harder — Artificial Intelligence, Politics and Societies Jan 2024 Conference paper Echoes of History? The Impact of AI-generated Historical Figures on Informal Educational Lina Ruth Harder — Digitale og digitaliserte spor/Digital and digitized traces Jan 2024 Conference paper Eludamos doctoral consortium CEEGS 2024 Haoyuan Tang — CEEGS 2024 Jan 2024 Interview Gendered AI and Editorial Labour in Digital Culture with Lai-Tze Fan Scott Rettberg, Lai-Tze Fan — Jan 2024 Presentation Histobots. Echoes of History or AI Storytime? Lina Ruth Harder — AI and Narrative Seminar Jan 2024 Lecture In Conversation with Hedy Lamarr. "Reanimating" Historical Figures with Artificial Intelligence Lina Ruth Harder — Gode KI-historier Jan 2024 Lecture Reimagining History: AI-Generated Figures in Informal Education Lina Ruth Harder — AI Media Research Network Meeting Jan 2024 Conference paper "Rethinking LLMs in games" presentation Haoyuan Tang — "More Than Meets AI" exhibition Jan 2024 Conference paper The Center for Digital Narrative and recent research in AI Scott Rettberg — Krebs Center for the Humanities Lectures Jan 2024 Conference paper "Towards the Convergence of Al Generated Narrative and Interactive Narrative in Video Games" presentation Haoyuan Tang — CDN Paris Seminar 2024 Oct 2023 Exhibition Introducing the Center for Digital Narrative University of Bergen · Tegan Pyke, David (Jhave) Johnston, Scott Rettberg, Ola Roth Johnsen Jul 2023 Publication Cyborg Authorship: Writing with AI – Part 1: The Trouble(s) with ChatGPT Scott Rettberg — Electronic Book Review (EBR) Jan 2023 Publication Embodied AI: An Extended Data Definition David (Jhave) Johnston — Electronic Book Review (EBR) Jan 2023 Conference paper AIwriting: Text to Image Generation as a Mode of Digital Narrative Scott Rettberg, Jason Nelson, Jill Walker Rettberg, Patrick Lichty, Talan Memmott — ELO 2023 Conference: Overcoming Divides: Electronic Literature and Social Change